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They found that a greater level of autonomy for Chinese students was positively associated with overall well-being and vitality and negatively associated with depression and physical complaints.
Another interesting cross-cultural finding was the positive association between mastery-approach goals and performance-avoidance goals.
For example, Shih (2005) reported that performance-avoidance goals were positively associated with mastery goals among Taiwanese students.
Tanaka, Okuno, and Yamauchi (2002) found that performance-avoidance goals and the motive to achieve were positively associated among the Japanese.
Their results were unexpected given that a positive classroom environment is usu- ally negatively associated with performance-avoidance goals in Western studies, but they found a positive association.
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